一株抑草真菌发酵液中的抑草成分分析

为了鉴定从桉树根际筛选到的微生物的抑草潜力和抑草成分,以桉树根际土壤中筛选到的一株真菌为材料,利用生物测试验证菌株发酵液的抑草潜力,利用GC-MS对菌株发酵液抑草成分进行验证。结果表明,不同浓度菌株发酵液对稗草的根长、株高和干重都有显著的抑制作用,对稗草根长抑制率最大为稀释50倍时,抑制率为7.55%;对稗草株高和干重抑制率最高为原液,抑制率分别为56.53%和25.46%。GC-MS鉴定共检测到86个物质,含氮化合物最多,占59.10%,其次为羧酸及酯类化合物,占19.26%。抑草物质生物测试结果表明,邻香豆酸、柠檬醛和胡椒碱在低浓度时对莴苣的根长和株高都有很强的抑制作用。表明该菌株能够产生多种化感物质的结构类似物,使得菌株发酵液具有很强的抑草作用,具有开发为微生物除草剂的潜力。     

晋中盆地典型耕地厚度、土壤养分空间变异

旨在探究旱作区耕地土壤耕层厚度及土壤养分空间格局与变异规律。以晋中盆地典型耕地土壤为研究对象,运用地统计学方法对耕地耕层厚度及土壤养分的空间变异进行分析,土壤养分选取有机质、pH、有效磷、缓效钾4个指标。结果表明：（1）各个指标的空间自相关性都是随着距离的增加而减小;（2）有效磷的半变异函数最优模型为高斯模型,其他指标的最优模型均为指数模型。各指标的块金系数由大到小依次为：有机质>有效磷>pH>耕层厚度>缓效钾;（3）耕层厚度、有效磷均为西北高东南低的空间格局,缓效钾为东北高西南低,有机质为西南高东北低,pH除北洸乡偏低外均偏高。地统计方法能良好地描述土壤性质的空间分布和变异特征,各土壤性质的空间变异过程中随机性与结构性并存,并且随机性均小于50%。     

Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

基于棉花秸秆炭的高品质生物质炭化炉设计

在掌握棉秆炭化期间热解失重规律、力学和能量指标及燃烧特性的基础上，针对小型炭化炉展开研究，完成设计和优化，解决了以高温电阻炉作为炭化设备时炭化单批盛放量有限及升温降温速度过慢不利于试验开展的问题。该装置主要由自动进出料装置、加热部件、盛料部分和尾气处理部分组成，对其中关键部件如进出料系统、炭化炉及燃烧器进行设计及试验，并试制了样机。试验结果表明:制炭成型率达93.6%，燃烧性能达标率95.3%，单炉炭化秸秆棒和秸秆粉末达到设计指标，可以高效完成棉花秸秆炭化工作，满足设计要求。      

基于FSEC赛车电池箱的结构设计与强度分析

以中国大学生电动方程式赛车的电池箱体研究为背景,对电池箱的结构设计和强度分析方面进行了研究论证,提出了电池箱设计的总体思路,使电池箱的结构设计紧凑合理,工作安全可靠,符合赛事规则。这对纯电动乘用车在电池箱的结构设计方面也具有参考和借鉴的价值。     

成都平原不同作物种植模式生产效率及其影响因素研究—以成都市郫都区为例

为研究成都平原不同种植模式的农田生产效率,基于2017年对成都市郫都区13个乡镇92户农户调查数据,运用DEA-Tobit模型分析了郫都区主要的水旱轮作和旱作种植模式的农田经营效率及影响因素。研究结果表明：不同种植模式平均农田生产效率为0.793,不同模式农田生产效率排序依次为蔬菜连作或轮作(0.957)、水稻-大蒜(0.847)、水稻-油菜(0.782)、韭菜连作(0.759)、水稻-蔬菜(0.722)、水稻-圆根萝卜(0.689),农田生产效率未达到有效值1的原因主要是规模效益较低;同时,各模式均存在资金和劳动力投入冗余,水稻-蔬菜、水稻-油菜模式还存在产出不足问题;影响6种模式生产效率的因素均不相同,政策因素对农田生产效率的影响相对较大。为进一步提高郫都区农田生产效率,建议适度推广农田规模化经营,加强农村富余劳动力转移,完善各类农业政策措施。     

11个葡萄品种在乐山地区的花芽分化规律

研究了11个葡萄品种3年生树在四川乐山地区避雨栽培条件下的花芽分化表现。结果表明,结果母枝的花芽分化率,魏可、维多利亚、黑芭拉多、金手指、金优2号和巨玫瑰6个品种的都高于50%,较易形成花芽;户太8号、巨峰、夏黑的在43%~48%;美人指和红指较难形成花芽。结果母枝不同节位的花芽分化率,多数品种在第3节位≥50%;结果枝上花穗着生节位在第3.8~4.9节,其中双花率以巨玫瑰、巨峰和户太8号较高,分别为83.45%、73.61%和73.06%。以结果母枝的花芽分化率≥50%节位作为冬剪的最低节位,则金优2号、户太8号、巨玫瑰、金手指、维多利亚5个品种在第3~4节,黑芭拉多和巨峰2个品种在第2~3节,魏可在1~2节。夏黑表现花芽分化率较低,为43.33%,可能与夏黑不耐弱光有关,设施栽培时应加强透光性。     

Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.